Annotated Bibliography on the Great Wall of China

Donald B. Wagner

This bibliography includes items which I have come across through years of collecting, plus items which I have been able to find through straightforward bibliographic searches in relation to each topic. It is therefore somewhat idiosyncratic, including much that is only peripherally relevant but undoubtedly missing some much more relevant material.

The bibliographic software I use, Endnote version 9, gives the possibility of attaching one graphic file to each entry. I have often used this possibility to provide one illustration from the publication, and sometimes for various other purposes. Click on any image to see it enlarged.

The Shi ji tells us that the First Emperor, after the conquest of the Seven States, joined up their defence walls to form a full defence wall against nomadic incursions from the north. This was the original Great Wall, a term later used for all the defence walls built through the ages. In my annotations I have had difficulty deciding when to translate changcheng 長城 as 'Great Wall' and when merely as 'defence wall'.

This bibliography is an offshoot of a wider work in progress, an annotated bibliography of the history and archaeology of the state and empire of Qin. In the present case I have chosen to include all material related to defence walls, from Zhanguo to Ming, but Qin has had priority in my collecting of material.

General studies

- - -. 1981. ‘Changcheng wenxian ziliao jilüe’ 长城文献资料辑略 (Annotated bibliography of literature on the Great Wall). In Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调 查报告集. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 119–140. Quotations of the basic sources on the Great Wall from the Warring States to the Ming period, with brief annotations. Unannotated list of additional references – see pdf image.

Changcheng wenxian ziliao jilüe (1981). Four-page pdf file.

- - -. 1982. La grande muraille . Not seen. Source: bookseller’s catalogue. See image.

Bonzi, L. 1959. La muraille de Chine . Not seen. Source: bookseller’s catalogue. See image.

Source of Bonzi (1959).

Feng Faguang, and Chen Weidong, eds. 1993. Great wall . Beijing. Not seen. Source: bookseller’s catalogue. See image.

Source of Feng Faguang & Chen Weidong (1993).

Liu Xiang 刘翔, and Liu Shuyong 刘蜀永. 1982. ‘XX Qiang zhong ming – Woguo muqian zui zao he weiyi jizai Changcheng lishi de jinwen’ 囗羌钟铭 – 我国目前最早和惟一记载长城历史的金文 (The XX-Qiang inscription: The earliest and unique bronze inscription reporting the history of the Great Wall.). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1982.2: 50–51. This inscription, on a Zhanguo set of bells found in Luoyang in 1928, appears to mention changcheng 长城. The otherwise earliest occurrences of the term are in Shui jing zhu, Tongjian waiji 通鉴外纪, and Zhushu jinian. For the character XX see image.

Title of Liu Xiang & Liu Shuyong (1982)

Locnaeus, J. 1694. Murus Sinensis brevi dissertatione adumbratus. . Uppsala: H. Keyser. Not seen. Source: bookseller's catalogue. See image.

Locnaeus (1694).

Qianlong 乾隆 (Emperor). 1752. Gu Changcheng shuo 古長城說 (On the ancient Great Wall, stone inscription). Not seen. Buni Alin (1981: 40, 41, fig. 2) quotes from it and gives a poor photograph of a rubbbing.

Shou Pengfei 壽鵬飛. 1941/1978. Lidai Changcheng kao 歷代長城攷. Hong Kong: Longmen shudian 龍門書店. Orig. Detian Lu cungao 得天廬存稿, 2. Very thorough study of the historical sources on the Great Wall from the Warring States to the Ming period. No field observations or archaeology.

Shou Pengfei (1941).

Xiao Huakun 肖华锟, and Ai Tinghe 艾廷和. 2003. ‘Chu changcheng de jianzhu shijian he xingshi kao’ 楚长城的建筑时间和形式考 (The construction period and form of the Chu defence walls). Jiang Han kaogu 江汉考古 (‘Jianghan archaeology’) 2003.4: 69–74. Review of historical sources on the Chu defence walls. Sources cited include Zuo zhuan, Shi ji, Shui jing zhu, and Kuo di zhi. Very brief field observations. No illustrations. English abstract in article, see image.

Xiao Huakun & Ai Tinghe (2003)

Ye Xiaoyan 叶小燕. 1987. ‘Zhongguo zaoqi changcheng de tansuo yu cunyi’ 中国早期长城的探索与存疑 (Investigations and doubts concerning the early defence walls of China). Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1987.7: 41–49. Study of historical sources concerning walls of the Zhanguo, Qin, and Han periods. Sources cited include Shi ji, Shui jing zhu, Zhu shu ji nian, local gazetteers, bronze inscriptions, Kuo di zhi, Tai ping huan yu ji, Han shu, Zuo zhuan, Hou Han shu, Guo yu. Cites some archaeological surveys. Map.

Ye Xiaoyan (1987).

Yu Jin 郁进, and Luo Zhewen 罗哲文, eds. 1980. Changcheng (‘The Great Wall’). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. A picture book covering defence walls of all periods, with OK photographs, many in colour. Short text in Chinese and English by Luo Zhewen.

From Yu Jin (1980).

Field studies – General

- - -. 1981. Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集 (Collection of field surveys of remains of the Great Wall). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. Facsimile reprints of 15 journal articles, plus introduction plus annotated bibliography. Walls from Zhanguo to Ming. No indication of original publication data. See image for Table of Contents. Not all articles are registered separately in the present bibliography.

Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao (1981).

- - -. 1986. ‘Zhanguo, Qin, Han Changcheng diaocha (bitan)’ 战国、秦、汉长城调查 (笔谈) (Jottings on investigations of the Zhanguo, Qin, and Han Great Walls). Wenwu tiandi 文物天地 (‘Cultural relics world’) 1986.2: 41–43. Short comments by 10 archaeologists and historians who have participated in field surveys of the walls. Two poor photographs.

Anon. (1986).

- - -. 1986. ‘[Photographs of the Great Wall]’. Wenwu tiandi 文物天地 (‘Cultural relics world’) 1986.3: front cover, inside back cover. Colour photograph of the Qin wall on cover, 7 b/w photographs of the Han and Ming walls on inside back cover.

WWTD 1986.3.

- - -. 1998. Zhongguo wenwu dituji: Shǎnxi fence 中国文物地图集 陕西分册 (Atlas of Chinese cultural relics: Shaanxi). 2 vols. Xi’an: Xi’an Ditu Chubanshe 西安地图出版社. Material on the Qin and Wei Great Walls in vol. 1, pp. 70–71, 390–391; more in the maps and descriptions of individual counties. Nine good colour photographs.

Zhongguo wenwu dituji: Shaanxi, p. 391.

Jia Zhoujie 贾洲杰. 1981. ‘Jīndai Changcheng’ 金代长城 (The Great Wall of the Jīn Dynasty [1115–1234]). In Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 76–83, 92. Historical study and general description of remains. Some construction details. 2 maps, line drawings.

Jia Zhoujie (1981: 81, fig. 3).

Xiao Jingquan 萧景全. 2000. ‘Liaodong diqu Yan, Qin, Han Changcheng zhangsai de kaoguxue kaocha yanjiu’ 辽东地区燕, 秦, 汉长城障塞的考古学考察研究 (Archaeological studies of Great Wall fortresses of Yan, Qin, and Han in Liaodong). Beifang wenwu 北方文物 (‘Northern cultural relics’) 2000.3: 78–83. Review of published archaeoological studies. Numerous references, mostly to inaccessible publications – see image.

Xiao Jingquan (2000).

Xu Yongjie 许永杰. 1992. ‘Changcheng yanxian Zhou Qin shiqi shuang er taoqi de chubu kaocha’ 长城沿线周秦时期双耳陶器的初步考察 (Preliminary study of two-eared pots found along the Zhou–Qin period Great Wall). Beifang wenwu 北方文物 (‘Northern cultural relics’) 1992.2: 3–11. Pots of many kinds, some well-known in Chinese contexts, but with two ears for hanging up. They are a useful indicator of influence from northern non-Chinese ethnic groups. Map, line drawings of artefacts.

Xu Yongjie (2000).

Field studies – Particular localities

- - -. 1981. ‘Ningxia jingnei Zhanguo, Qin, Han Changcheng yiji’ 宁夏境内战国、秦、汉长城遗迹 (Remains of the Great Wall of the Zhanguo, Qin, and Han periods in Ningxia Province). In Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 45–51. Field survey. Some details of construction techniques. Map, 13 poor photographs of features, photographs of surface finds, line drawings.

Ningxia jingnei Zhanguo, Qin, Han Changcheng yiji (1981: 49, fig. 15).

- - -. 1997. ‘Changcheng yicun ’ 长城遗存 (Remains of the Great Wall.). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1997.3: 56–67. General survey of defence wall sites of all periods in the province of Shaanxi. Map, poor photographs.

Wenbo 1997.3: 58

Buni Alin 布尼阿林. 1981. ‘Hebei sheng Weichang xian Yan Qin changcheng diaocha baogao’ 河北省围场县燕秦长城调查报告 (Investigation of the Yan–Qin defence wall in Weichang County, Hebei). In Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 40–44, 51. Field survey of 600 km of wall and some structures associated with it. Map, 5 poor photographs.

Buni Alin (1981: 40, fig. 1).

Dai Yingxin 戴应新, and Kang Lanying 康兰英. 1988. ‘Shenmu xian Kuyehe shangyou Qin changcheng diaocha ji’ 神木县窟野河上游秦长城调查记 (Investigation of a Qin defence wall on the upper reaches of the Kuye River in Shenmu County, Shaanxi). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1988.2: 56–64. Field survey of a ca. 100-km section of a Qin wall in northern Shaanxi. Some details of construction techniques. Map, poor photographs, line drawings.

Dai Yingxin & Kang Lanying (1988: 57).

Dai Zhishang 戴志尚, and Liu Hexin 刘合心. 1993. ‘Yulin shi jingnei xin faxian yiduan Qin Han changcheng yizhi ’ 榆林市境内新发现一 段秦汉长城遗址 (A newly-discovered section of a Qin–Han wall in Yulin Municipality, Shaanxi). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1993.2: 82–83. Field survey of a newly-discovered section of a Qin–Han wall, ca. 25 li (12.5 km) long. Some information on construction techniques. Map, poor photographs.

Dai Zhishang & Liu Hexin (1993: 82).

Egami Namio, and Mizuno Seiichi. 1935. Naimōko Chōjō chitai 內蒙古•長城地帶 Mōko saisekki bunka Suien seidōki oyobi Shina hokukyō jōsekimo doki iseki (‘Inner Mongolia and the region of the great wall’). Reprint 1971 ed. (Tōa kōkogaku sōkan : otsu shu 1). Tōkyō & Kyōto: Tōa kōko gakkai 東亞考古學會. Not seen. Source: Danish & Swedish library catalogues; see image.

Egami & Mizuno (1935).

Fang Jianrong 方健荣. 2004. ‘Dunhuang de Changcheng’ 敦煌的长城 (The Great Wall in Dunhuang). Sichou zhi lu 丝绸之路 (‘The Silk Road’) 2004.10: 23. Brief description of a part of the Great Wall in Dunhuang, Gansu. One OK photograph.

From Fang Jianrong (2004).

Gai Shanlin 盖山林, and Lu Sixian 陆思贤. 1980. ‘Neimenggu jingnei Zhanguo Qin Han Changcheng yiji’ 内蒙古境内战国秦汉长城遗迹 (Remains of the Great Wall of the Zhanguo, Qin, and Han periods in Inner Mongolia). In Zhongguo Kaogu Xuehui di yi ci nianhui lunwenji 1979 中国考古学会第一次年会论文集 1979 Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 212–224. Field survey and trial excavations. Map, poor photographs, line drawings.

Gai Shanlin & Lu Sixian (1980).

Gai Shanlin 盖山林, and Lu Sixian 陆思贤. 1981. ‘Yinshan Nanli de Zhao Changcheng’ 阴山南麓的赵长城 (The Zhao Great Wall in the southern foothills of the Yinshan Mountains, Inner Mongolia). In Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹 调查报告集. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 21–24. Field survey. Some details of construction techniques. Map, line drawings, 6 poor photographs.

Gai Shanlin & Lu Sixian (1981: 21, fig. 1).

Gai Shanlin 盖山林, and Lu Sixian 陆思贤. 1981. ‘Chaoge qi Zhaolukulun Handai shicheng ji qi fujin de changcheng’ 潮格旗朝鲁库伦汉代石城及其附近的长城 (A Han-period stone bastion and nearby defence wall at Zhaolukulun in Chaoge Banner, Inner Mongolia). In Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 25–33. Trial excavations of the bastion and field survey of the defence wall. Some construction details. Map, line drawings of artefacts and features, 11 poor photographs of features

Gai Shanlin & Lu Sixian (1981: 10, fig. 31.

Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. 1963. ‘Gansu Qin Changcheng’ 甘肅秦長城 (Remains of the Qin Great Wall in Gansu). In Shilin zashi 史林雜識. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中華書局, repr. 1977, pp. 77–78, map 9, pl. 2–6. Brief note on field observations of remains of the Qin wall in 1937. Map in separate envelope, 3 poor photographs of maps, 3 poor photographs of wall remains. Photographs may be better reproduced in 1963 orig. than in 1977 repr.

Gu Jiegang (1963, Map 9).

He Deliang 何德亮. 2003. ‘Qi Changcheng xianzhuang kaocha’ 齐长城现状考察 (Investigation of the present state of the Qi Great Wall). Wenwu tiandi 文物天地 (‘Cultural relics world’) 2003.12: 24–25. Description of wall remains of the Chunqiu–Zhanguo period. No historical references cited. Colour photographs.

He Deliang (2003).

He Yu 何钰. 1987. ‘Dingxi diqu Zhanguo Qin changcheng yiji kaocha ji’ 定西地区战国秦长城遗迹考察记 (Survey of remains of a Qin defence wall of the Zhanguo period in Dingxi Region). Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1987.7: 50–59. Field survey of a Qin defence wall in southern Gansu. Some historical references. Maps, poor photographs.

He Yu (1987).

Hu Yang 胡杨, and Wang Jin 王金. 2003. ‘Hexi Changcheng’ 河西长城 (The Great Wall in the Western Region). Sichou zhi lu 丝绸之路 2003.9: 29–33. Excellent colour photographs of Han and Ming ruins in Gansu. Not much text.

Hu Yang & Wang Jin (2003)

Ji Naijun 姬乃军. 1990. ‘Yan’an diqu Zhanguo Qin changcheng kaocha jianbao’ 延安地区战国秦长城考察简报 (Survey of a Qin defence wall of the Zhanguo period in Yan’an Region, Shaanxi). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1990.6: 66–71. Field survey of a ca. 100 km section of a Qin wall in northern Shaanxi. Some details of construction techniques. Map, poor photographs.

Ji Naijun (1990).

Ji Naijun 姬乃军. 1996. ‘Shǎnxi Fu xian Qin “Shang jun sai” Changcheng tacha’ 陕西富县秦 “上郡塞” 长城踏查 (On-site inspection of the Great Wall at the Qin “Shang Commandery Pass” in Fu County, Shaanxi). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.3: 276–277, 274. Field survey, with some details of wall construction techniques. Map.

Ji Naijun (1996).

Li Lin 李璘. 1999. ‘Dui Changcheng xi qi Lintao ji Gansu Minxian de zai renshi’ 对长城西起临洮即甘肃岷县的再认识 (Further considerations showing that Lintao, the Western end of the Great Wall, is in modern Minxian, Gansu.). Sichou zhi lu 丝绸之路 1999.2: 62–64. Reviews the question and the historical sources, then argues for Minxian on the basis of archaeological material. Poor photographs. English abstract, see image.

Li Shaobai 李少白. 2003. ‘Beijing baohu Changcheng xingdong – Jinzhi pandeng de “ye Changcheng”’ 北京保护长城行动 – 禁止攀登的 “野长城” (Preservation of the Great Wall in Beijing: The “unimproved Great Wall” on which climbing is prohibited). Wenwu tiandi 文物天地 (‘Cultural relics world’) 2003.12: 12–19. Very little text. Colour photographs of derelict sections of the Ming wall.

Li Wenlong 李文龙. 2001. ‘Baoding jingnei Zhanguo Zhongshan changcheng diaocha ji’ 保定境内战国中山长城调查记 (Investigation of the defence wall of the Zhanguo state of Zhongshan in Baoding district, Hebei). Wenwu chunqiu 文物春秋 (Cultural relics annals) 2001.1: 44–52, 58. Field survey, with some details of construction techniques. 3 maps, 11 poor photographs, 1 line drawing.

Li Wenlong (2001: 52, fig. 5)

Liu Huacheng 刘化成, and Zhang Zhaoxiang 张兆祥. 2001. ‘Langfang shi Zhanguo Yan nan changcheng diaocha baogao’ 廊坊市战国燕南长城调查报告 (Report on investigation of the southern defence wall of Yan of the Zhanguo period in Langfang Municipality, Hebei). Wenwu chunqiu 文物春秋 (Cultural relics annals) 2001.2: 28–36. Field survey and trial excavations of remains of a Zhanguo wall. Study of historical sources on same. Map, photographs, line drawings of artefacts.

Liu Huacheng & Zhang Zhaoxiang (2001).

Qi Honghao 齐洪浩, and Yuan Jimin 袁继民. 1991. ‘Shǎnxi Chengcheng xian, Huanglong xian jiaojie chu Zhanguo Wei changcheng’ 陕西澄城县, 黄龙县交界处战国魏长城 (Defence wall remains of the Zhanguo state of Wei on the border between Chengcheng and Huanglong Counties, Shaanxi). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1991.3: 280, 279, pl. 8. Field survey of several wall sections. Map, 3 good photographs.

Qi Honghao & Yuan Jimin (1991).

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1981. ‘Huanghe zhongyou Zhanguo ji Qin shi zhu Changcheng yiji de tansuo’ 黄河中游战国及秦时诸长城遗迹的探索 (Investigation of remains of Zhanguo and Qin defence walls in the middle reaches of the Huanghe). In He shan ji: Er ji 河山集 二集. Beijing: Sanlian Shudian 三连书店, Orig. Shǎnxi Shida xuebao 陕西师大学报, 1978.2. Repr. in Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji, pp. 52–67., pp. 435–470. Field and historical survey of 5 wall sections: 1. Wei 魏 wall along the border between Shanxi and Shaanxi. 2. The first Qin wall, parallel and close to the Wei wall, mentioned in Shi ji (15: 708) with the words qian Luo 塹洛 (excavated the Luo River?). 3. Qin wall in the mid-Luo River valley, Shaanxi. 4. Qin wall, NE–SW from Inner Mongolia, through southern Shaanxi, into Gansu. 5. Western section of Qin Shihuang’s Great Wall, N–S in Gansu and Ningxia. Historical sources include Zhanguo ce, Shi ji, Shui jing zhu, Han shu, Yuanhe jun xian zhi, Taiping huanyu ji, local gazetteers. Maps, poor photographs.

From Shi Nianhai (1981: 445).

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1981. ‘E’erduosi Gaoyuan dongbu Zhanguo shiqi Qin Changcheng yiji tansuo ji’ 鄂尔多斯高原东部战国时期秦长城遗迹探索记 (Report on investigation of remains of the Zhanguo-period Qin Great Wall in the eastern Ordos Plain.). In He shan ji: Er ji 河山集 二集. Beijing: Sanlian Shudian 三连书店, pp. 471–487. Field and historical survey of the Qin wall in northern Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. Historical sources include Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu, Shui jing zhu, Yuanhe jun xian zhi. Map, poor photographs.

From Shi Nianhai (1981: 473).

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1985. ‘Luohe you an Zhanguo shiqi Qin Changcheng yiji de tansuo’ 洛河右岸战国时期秦长城遗迹的探索 (Investigation of remains of the Qin Great Wall of the Warring States period on the right bank of the Luo River). Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1985.11: 31–36. Reprinted in Shi Nianhai 1988: 374–386. Field survey of a 324-metre section of the Qin wall near Houapocun 后阿坡村 in Pucheng County 蒲城县, Shaanxi in Pucheng County, Shaanxi. Poor photographs, worse in the reprint version. The two editions have slightly different maps: the reprint version seems better.

Map from Shi Nianhai (1988: 376).

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1991. ‘Zailun Guanzhong dongbu Zhanguo shiqi Qin Wei zhu changcheng’ 再论关中东部战国时期秦魏诸长城 (Once again on the Zhanguo-period defence walls of Qin and Wei in eastern Guanzhong). In He shan ji: Si ji 河山集 四集. Xi’an: Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue Chubanshe 陕西师范大学出版社, Orig. Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛, 3, 1988., pp. 601–641. Reply to criticism of Shi Nianhai, ‘Huanghe zhongyou . . .’ (1981). Cites many historical sources and some field observation, including some details on construction techniques. Map, line drawings.

Shi Nianhai (1991: 605).

Tang Xiaofeng 唐晓峰. 1977. ‘Neimenggu xibei bu Qin Han Changcheng diaocha ji’ 内蒙古西北部秦汉长城调查记 (Investigation of the Great Wall of the Qin and Han periods in northwestern Inner Mongolia). Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1977.5: 16–24. Field survey and trial excavations. Some details of construction techniques. Two maps, line drawings, 13 poor photographs.

Tang Xiaofeng (1977).

Wang Dafang 王大方. 2000. ‘Neimenggu Yinshan Xiaoyutai Qin Changcheng’ 内蒙古阴山小 余泰秦长城 (The Qin Great Wall in Xiaoyutai, Yinshan, Inner Mongolia). Wenwu tiandi 文物天地 (‘Cultural relics world’) 2000.1: 24–26. Brief note on a field survey, with some historical notes. Two poor photographs.

Wang Dafang (2000).

Wang Li 王莉, and Li Shaobai 李少白. 2003. ‘Sheyingshi de Changcheng’ 摄影师的长城 (A photographer’s Great Wall). Wenwu tiandi 文物天地 (‘Cultural relics world’) 2003.12: 20–21. Very little text. Two colour photographs, one of the Ming wall, one of a wall which could be earlier.

Wang Li & Li Shaobai (2003).

Wang Xing 王兴, Ma Xiaoqing 马小青, and Li Liucun 李六存. 2003. ‘Tadong Zhao guo qian li Bei Changcheng’ 踏动赵国千里北长城 (A walk on the thousand-li Northern Great Wall of the state of Zhao). Wenwu tiandi 文物天地 (‘Cultural relics world’) 2003.12: 22–23. Description of a Zhanguo wall in Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia. No historical sources cited. Two colour photographs.

Wang Xing, Ma Liuqing, & Li Liucun (2003).

Xiang Chunsheng 项春松. 1981. ‘Zhaowuda meng Yan Qin Han Changcheng yizhi diaocha baogao’ 昭乌达盟燕秦汉长城遗址调查报告 (Investigation of remains of the Yan–Qin Great Wall in Zhaowuda League, Inner Mongolia). In Zhongguo Changcheng yiji diaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 6–20. Field surveys and trial excavations. Details of construction techniques. Virtually unreadable map, very poor photographs of features and artefacts, line drawings.

Xiang Chunsong (1981: 9, fig. 3).

Yao Shuangnian 姚双年. 1993. ‘Shǎnxi Heyang xin faxian Zhanguo shiqi Qin changcheng’ 陕西合阳新发现战国时期秦长城 (Newly discovered remains of a Qin defence wall of the Zhanguo period in Heyang County, Shaanxi). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1993.3: 52–56. Field survey of a section of wall in southern Shaanxi. A few remarks on construction techniques. Map, poor photoraphs.

Yao Shuangnian (1993).

Yue Shengyang 岳升阳. 2006. ‘Bei Qi changcheng diaocha xiaoji’ 北齐长城调查小记 (Survey of the Northern Qi [A.D. 550–577] defence wall). Beijing wenbo 北京文博 (‘Beijing cultural relics and museums’) 2006.1: 61–64. Historical introduction + survey of wall remains in Changping 昌平 District, Beijing. Map, photographs, line drawings.

Yue Shengyang (2006: 62).

Zhou Liang 周良. 2004. ‘Tongzhou Yaochangcun Bei Qi changcheng yizhi’ 通州窑厂村北齐长城遗址 (Remains of a Northern Qi defence wall at Yaochangcun in Tongzhou, Beijing Municipality). Beijing wenbo 北京文博 (‘Beijing cultural relics and museums) 2004.3: 63–71. Mainly concerns the find of a Tang tomb with inscription, dated AD 798, which mentions a nearby wall and indicates that it is from the Northern Qi period (AD 550–577). References to historical sources, including Bei Qi shu and local gazetteers. Survey map, one poor photograph.

From Zhou Liang (2004).

Additional references