The history and archaeology of Chang’an, capital of the Western Han dynasty

An annotated bibliography

This bibliography includes items which I have come across through years of collecting, plus items which I have been able to find through straightforward bibliographic searches in relation to each topic. It is therefore somewhat idiosyncratic, including much that is only peripherally relevant but undoubtedly missing some much more relevant material.

The bibliographic software I use, Endnote version X2, gives the possibility of attaching one graphic file to each entry. I have often used this possibility to provide one illustration from the publication, and sometimes for various other purposes. Click on any image to see it enlarged.

General

Brennan, T. Corey, and Hsing I-tien [Xing Yitian] 邢義田. 2010. ‘The Eternal City and the City of Eternal Peace’. In China’s early empires: A re-appraisal, edited by M. Nylan and M. Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–212. Ancient Rome and Han Chang’an compared.

Chen Bo 陈博, and Sun Lu 孙璐. 2009. ‘“Sanfu” diqu Han-dai chengzhi yi “Huanzhuang zhengqu” guannian’ “ 三辅”地区汉代城址与“环状政区”观念. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2009.2: 30–33. Han city-sites in the capital [Three Adjuncts] region and the concept of ‘rings of the goverrnmental region’ The article takes the Sanfu region to be roughly the entire Wei valley region, rather than only the three commanderies immediately surrounding the capital. The article discusses the distribution of city-sites in the region, and gives a map showing their locations. The phrase huanzhuang zhengqu comes from the Erya 尔雅 dictionary.

Han Jianwu 韩建武, Zhang Peixin 张沛心, Tan Qianxue 谭前学, and Dong Li 董理. 2005. ‘Yongheng de Luoma, buxiu de Chang’an – Gu Luoma wenming zhan, Han Chang’an wenwu zhanlan xunli’ 永恒的罗马 不朽的长安　古罗马文明展、汉长安文物展巡礼. Shoucang jia 收藏家 (Collector) 2005.5: 3–10. Eternal Rome, undying Chang’an: a visit to ‘Ancient Roman civilization’ and ‘Relics from Han Chang’an’ Two exhibitions were held simultaneously in Xi’an in 2005. Article has excellent colour photographs of artefacts. Some discussion of the Chang’an city-site.

Jiang Bo 姜波. 2002. ‘“Gudai ducheng yu diling kaoguxue yanjiu” du hou’ «古代都城与帝陵考古学研究»读后. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.4: 377–383. Brief English abstract, p. 377 – see image. Thoughts on reading Archaeological studies of capitals and Imperial mausolea, by Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2008. ‘Shǎnxi Qin Han kaogu wushi nian zongshu’ 陕西秦汉考古五十年综述. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2008.6: 96–160. Brief English abstract, p. 160. Fifty years of Qin–Han archaeology in Shaanxi Important review, with a very extensive bibliography. On the archaeology of Han Chang’an, pp. 122–129.

Li Yuchun 李遇春, and Jiang Kairen 姜开任. 1981. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi’ 汉长安城遗址. Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1981.1: 88–90. The site of the Han city of Chang’an Brief description of the site, with some information on recent excavations. One poor photograph.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de kaogu faxian he yanjiu’ 汉长安城的考古发现和研究. Henan Shifan Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 河南示范大学学报(社会科学版) (‘Journal of Henan Normal University [Social science]’) 1981.2: •••. Archaeological discoveries and studies at Han Chang’an Not seen. Source: see image.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1996. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de kaogu faxian ji xiangguan wenti yanjiu – Jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo sishi nian’ 汉长安城的考古发现及相关问题研究 – 纪念汉长安城考古工作四十年. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 865–878. Archaeological discoveries at Han Chang’an and related questions: Celebrating 40 years of archaeological work at Han Chang’an

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1999. ‘Qin Han kaoguxue wushi nian’ 秦汉考古学五十年. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1999.9: 803–814 + pls 5–6. Fifty years of Qin–Han archaeology The history of excavations at Han Chang’an and Luoyang, pp. 804–805.

Pirazzoli-t’Serstevens, Michèle. 2010. ‘Urbanism’. In China’s early empires: A re-appraisal, edited by M. Nylan and M. Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 169–185. Largely concerned with the archaeology of the Han capitals Chang’an and Luoyang.

Qin Jianming 秦建明, Zhang Zaiming 张在明, and Yang Zheng 杨政. 1995. ‘Shǎnxi faxian yi Han Chang’an wei zhongxin de Xi Han nanbei xiang chaochang jianzhu jixian’ 陕西发现以汉长安城为中心的西汉南北向超长建筑基线. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1995.3: 4–15. A north-south axis with Han Chang’an at the centre discovered in Shaanxi The axis stretches 74 km almost precisely north-south running through several important Western Han ritual sites. The possibility of an east-west axis is also suggested. Brief descriptions of the sites involved.

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 1986. ‘Why Were Chang’an and Beijing so Different?’. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45.4: 339–357. http://www.jstor.org/stable/990206 A very general discussion of the city plans of ancient Chinese cities. The Chang’an of the title is the Tang-period city-site, but there is some discussion of the Han city, pp. 345ff.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 2003. ‘Shi Nianhai xiansheng yu Zhongguo guduxue yanjiu’ 史念海先生与中国古都学研究. Shixueshi yanjiu 史学史研究 (‘Journal of historiography’) 2003.1: 32–39. Shi Nianhai and the study of China’s ancient capitals On Han Chang’an, pp. 37–38. Complete list of Shi Nianhai’s publications on ancient capitals, p. 39 – see image.

Wang Xueli 王学理. 2007. ‘Cong Qin Xianyang dao Han Chang’an de chengzhi chongdie (shang)’ 从秦咸阳到汉长安的城制重叠(上). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.5: 4–10. Superimposed city plans from Qin Xianyang to Han Chang’an, part 1

Wang Xueli 王学理. 2007. ‘Cong Qin Xianyang dao Han Chang’an de chengzhi chongdie (xia)’ 从秦咸阳到汉长安的城制重叠(下). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.6: 4–10. Superimposed city plans from Qin Xianyang to Han Chang’an, part 2

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1982. Han civilization. Translated by K. C. Chang a.o. (Early Chinese civilization series). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 261 pp. Chapter 1, pp. 1–28, gives an overall description of the archaeology of the city-site.

Wenbo. 1997. ‘Shǎnxi sheng wenwu pucha zhuanhao’ 陕西省文物普查专号. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1997.3. Theme issue: Survey of cultural relics of Shaanxi province P. 36: Note on the 870-km north-south axis through the Anmen Gate extending through numerous Han sites. P. 48: Brief note on Han Chang’an. P. 39: Photograph of the remains of the south city wall.

Wu Hung [巫鴻]. 1995. Monumentality in early Chinese art and architecture. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. xx+376 pp. Ch. 3, ‘The monumental city Chang’an’, pp. 143–187.

Xiang Yang 相阳. 1992. Xi’an, ancienne capitale de la Chine 中国古都西安. Beijing: Editions en Langues Etrangères (Waiwen Chubanshe 外文出版社). 163 pp. Brief description of Qin Xianyang and Han Chang’an, pp. 24–30.

Zhang Yonglu 张永禄, ed. 1993. Han-dai Chang’an cidian. Xi’an difangzhi congshu 西安地方志丛书. Xi’an: Shǎnxi Renmin Chubanshe 陕西人民出版社. 614 pp. Dictionary of Han Chang’an Brief essays on all aspects of the history and archaeology of Han Chang’an and its surroundings, thematically arranged. Includes a useful index.

Field observation

Bishop, Carl Whiting. 1938. ‘An Ancient Chinese Capital: Earthworks at Old Ch‘ang-an’. Antiquity 12: 68–78 + pls 1–4. http://antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/012/0068/Ant0120068.pdf A visit to the site of Han Chang’an, with some archaeological detail and historical notes.

Dong Hongwen 董鸿闻, Liu Qihe 刘起鹤, Zhou Jianxun 周建勋, Zhang Yinghu 张应虎, and Mei Xingquan 梅兴铨. 2000. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi cehui yanjiu huode de xin xinxi’ 汉长安城遗址测绘研究获得的新信息. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2000.5: 39–49. New results from a topographical survey of the site of Han Chang’an New and better measurements by the Shaanxi Topographic Survey. Precise measurements of the walls and other features.

Liu Jianguo 刘建国. 1996. ‘Huanjing yaogan zai chengzhi kaogu zhong de yingyong chutan – Han Chang’an cheng huanjing kaogu de changshi’ 环境遥感在城址考古中的应用初探 – 汉长安城环境考古的尝试. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.7: 652–655 + pl. 7. The use of environmental remote sensing in city-site archaeology: Trial use of environmental remote sensing archaeology at Han Chang’an Use of digital processing of aerial photographs.

Archaeological investigation

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1957. ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo de chubu shouhuo’ 漠长安城考古工作的初步收获. Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1957.5: 102–110 + pls 19–22. First results from archaeological work at Han Chang’an

Debates

Chen Xibo 陈喜波, and Han Guanghui 韩光辉. 2007. ‘Han Chang’an “dou cheng” guihua tanxi’ 汉长安“斗城”规划探析. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.1: 69–72. The “dipper-shaped wall” of Han Chang’an The belief that the shape of the Chang’an city wall imitates three steliar constellations.

Li Xiaobo 李小波, and Chen Xibo 陈喜波. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng “dou cheng shuo” de zai sikao’ 汉长安城”斗城说“的再思考. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 63–65. Further thoughts on the “dipper wall theory” of Han Chang’an Statement in Sanfu huangtu that the city walls are shaped like constellations.

Sahara Yasuo 佐原康夫. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng zaikao’ 汉长安城再考. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 85–93. Tr. by Zhang Hongyan 张宏彦. Further studies of Han Chang’an Detailed discussion of the locations of the various palaces and other features. Considers the debate between Yang Kuan and Liu Qingzhu.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng dou cheng laiyou zaitan’ 汉长安城斗城来由再探. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 60–62, 84. The origin of the “dipper wall” of Han Chang’an Reviews various theories on the shape of the wall.

Yang Kuan 杨宽. 1984. ‘Xi Han Chang’an buju jiegou de tantao’ 西汉长安布局结构的探讨. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1984.1 (chuangkan hao 创刊号): 19–24. The arrangement and structure of Han Chang’an Detailed discussion largely on the basis of written sources.

Yang Kuan 楊寬. 1993. Zhongguo gudai ducheng zhidu shi yanjiu 中國古代都城制度史研究. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe 上海古籍出版社. 613 pp. Studies on the arrangement of ancient Chinese capital cities A historical study of China’s capital cities from the earliest times to the Qing period. On Han Chang’an, pp. 109–133. Further on the debate with Liu Qingzhu, pp. 573–592, 593–613.

Historical sources

Hotaling, Stephen James. 1978. ‘The City Walls of Han Ch’ang-an’. T’oung Pao 64.1/3: 1–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4528127 Gives a useful review of the classical sources, but comes to badly mistaken conclusions. Compare Xin Zhongguo de Kaogu shouhuo 1961: 80.

Kao gong ji 考工記

Sanfu huangtu 三輔黃土

Xi jing fu 西京賦

Xi jing zaji 西京雜記

City walls

Kaogu. 2006. ‘Xi’an shi Han Chang’an cheng chengqiang xi’nan jiao yizhi de zuantan yu shijue’ 西安市汉长安城城墙西南角遗址的钻探与式掘. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 904–916 + pls 3, 6. Brief English abstract, p. 904. Drill survey and test excavations of the site of the southwest corner of the city wall of Han Chang’an in Xi’an Includes identification of animal bones from the site.

Gates

Kaogu. 2009. ‘Xi’an Han Chang’an cheng Zhicheng Men yizhi 2008 nian fajue jianbao’ 西安汉长安城直城门遗址2008年发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2009.5: 433–444 + pls 11–15. Brief English abstract, p. 433. Excavation in 2008 of the Zhicheng Gate site of Western Han Chang’an

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1958. ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo shouhuo xuji – Xuanping men de fajue’ 漠疾安城考古工作收镬续记—宣平城门的发掘. Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1958.4: 23–32 + pls 1–4. Further results from archaeological work at Han Chang’an: Excavation of Xuanping Gate

Streets and bridges

Markets

Palaces

Tang Jinyu 唐金裕. 1959. ‘Xi’an xijiao Han-dai jianzhu yizhi fajue baogao’ 西安西郊汉代建筑遗址发掘报告. Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 1959.2: 45–55 + pls 1–10 + foldout. English abstract, pp. 54–55. A Han-period building site in the western suburb of Xi’an

Beigong 北宫

Kaogu. 1996. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Beigong de kantan ji qi nanmian zhuanwa yao de fajue’ 汉长安城北宫的勘探及其南面砖瓦窑的发掘. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 887–896 + pls 1–3. Survey of the site of the Northern Palace of Han Chang’an and excavation of brick kilns on its south side

Changle gong 長樂宮

Kaogu xuebao. 2004. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong er-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue baogao’ 汉长安城长乐宫二号建筑遗址发掘报告. Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 2004.1: 55–86 + pls 1–16. English abstract, p. 86. Excavation of Building site no. 2 of the Changle Palace at Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2003. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong paishui guandao yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城长乐宫排水管道遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2003.9: 801–806 + pl. 5. Brief English abstract, p. 801. Excavation of the drainage pipes of the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2005. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong faxian lingshi yizhi’ 汉长安城长乐宫发现凌室遗址. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2005.9: 771–774. Brief English abstract, p. 771. The site of an ice-house at the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an Includes fine colour photographs of the excavation.

Kaogu. 2006. ‘Xi’an shi Han Chang’an cheng Changle Gong si-hao jianzhu yizhi’ 西安市汉长安城长乐宫四号建筑遗址. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 894–903 + pls 1–2, 4–5, 8. Brief English abstract, p. 894. Building site no. 4 of the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an in Xi’an

Liu Zhendong 刘振东, and Zhang Jianfeng 张建锋. 2006. ‘Xi Han Changle Gong yizhi de faxian yu chubu yanjiu’ 西汉长乐宫遗址的发现与初步研究. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 886–893 + pls 1–2, 4–5, 8. Brief English abstract, p. 886. Discovery of the site of the Western Han Changle Palace and preliminary studies The walled area of the palace measures ca. 2×3 km and included at least six buildings, including an ice house. According to classical written sources this was the palace of the Empress Dowager.

Wenbo. 2005. ‘Han Changlegong si-hao gongdian yizhi baohu gongcheng’ 汉长乐宫4号宫殿遗址保护工程. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.4: 44–45. Project for the preservation of the site of Building no. 4 of the Han Changle Palace Includes some information and colour photographs on the site and its excavation.

Chengshan gong 成山宮

Liu Huaijun 刘怀君, and Yan Huichan 严惠婵. 2003. ‘Shǎnxi Meixian Qin Han Chengshan Gong yizhi de xin faxian’ 陕西眉县秦汉成山宫遗址的新发现. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2003.1: 3÷7, 58. The newly discovered site of Chengshan Palace in Meixian County, Shaanxi The site is ca. 110 km west of Xi’an. Tamped earth structures were found, which may be remains of walls or building foundations. Artefacts include ceramic building materials and some iron implements.

Ganquan gong 甘泉宮

Guigong 桂宮

Guigong. 2007. Han Chang’an cheng Guigong: 1996–2001 nian kaogu fajue baogao 汉长安城桂宫. (Zhongguo tianye kaogu baogaoji: Kaoguxue zhuankan D.74 中国田野考古报告集　考古学专刊丁种第七四号). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 289 pp. + 155 pls + 48 colour pls. English abstract, pp. 4–10. ‘The Guigong Palace in the Han capital city Chang’an’ Detailed excavation report. The palace is 1840 × 900 m, enclosed by a wall 4 m thick and including seven architectural complexes. Artefacts found include an inscribed jade tablet recording the fengshan 封禅 ceremony at Taishan 泰山 in the period of Wang Mang 王莽. It was possible to prepare a floating dendrochronology of 89 years.

Kaogu. 1999. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong er-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫二号建筑遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1999.1: 1–10 + pls 1–6. Brief English abstract, p. 1. Excavation of building site no. 2 of the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2000. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong er-hao jianzhu yizhi B qu fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫二号建筑遗址B区发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2000.1: 1–11 + pls 1–5. Brief English abstract, p. 1. Excavation of area B at the site of building no. 2 at the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong san-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫三号建筑遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2001.1: 74–83 + pls 9–12. Brief English abstract, p. 74. Excavation of building site no. 3 of the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2002. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong si-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫四号建筑遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.1: 3–15 + pls 1–5. Brief English abstract, p. 3. Excavation of building site no. 4 in the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an The building complex measures ca. 50 × 100 m. It appears to have been the home of the Empress and maids of honour.

Weiyang gong 未央宮

Kaogu. 1989. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di san hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城未央宫第三号建筑遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.1: 33–43, 19 + pls 4–7. Excavation of building site no. 3 of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an Includes the first report of the curious bone tags.

Kaogu. 1992. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di-er-hao yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城未央宫第二号遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1992.8: 724–732 + pls 6–7. Excavation of site no. 2 of the Weiyag Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 1993. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di-si-hao jianzhu yizhi’ 汉长安城未央宫第四号建筑遗址. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1993.11: 1002–1011 + pls 1–3. Excavation of building site no. 4 of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1993. ‘Lüelun Weiyang gong san-hao jianzhu yu Had-dai gu qian’ 略论未央宫三号建筑与汉代骨签. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1993.2: 3–8 + pl. 1–3. Building site no. 3 of the Weiyang Palace and the Han dynasty bone slips Brief description of the building site. Several ten-thousands of small inscribed bone slips were found here; a few examples of the inscriptions are discussed.

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1995. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyanggong de kaogu fajue yu yanjiu’ 汉长安城未央宫的考古发掘与研究. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1995.3: 82–93 + pl. 1–2. Excavation and studies of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an Detailed review of the excavations. Comparison with historical sources.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1995. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong buju xingzhi chulun’ 汉长安城未央宫布局形制初论. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1995.12: 1115–1124. The arrangement and design of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an General discussion of the archaeology of the palace in the light of classical written sources.

Parks

Production sites

Armoury

Kaogu. 1978. ‘Han Chang’an cheng wuku yizhi fajue de chubu shouhuo’ 汉长安城武库遗址发掘的初步收获. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1978.4: 261–269 + pls 9–11. Preliminary results of excavations at the armoury site of Han Chang’an

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981. ‘Han Chang’an cheng wuku yizhi de fajue’ 汉长安城武库遗址的发掘. Renwen zazhi 人文杂志 (Humanities journal) 1981.5: 127–129. Excavation of an armoury site of Han Chang’an

Liu Yunhui 刘云辉. 2007. ‘Wuku yizhi chutu de yudiao guaishou wei xiezhi kao’ 武库遗址出土的玉雕怪兽为獬豸考. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.1: 12–13. The strange animal on a jade carving found at the armoury site is a xiezhi The artefact is a pendant belt ornament. Xiezhi is the name of a fabulous animal known from early ghost stories.

Wuku. 2005. Han Chang’an cheng wuku 汉长安城武库. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 184 pp. + 83 pls. English abstract, pp. 181–184. ‘Armoury in Chang’an city of the Han period’ Detailed excavation report. The armoury site measures 710 × 322 m and includes seven buildings. Among artefacts found were numerous iron and bronze weapons, armour scales, and inscribed bone slips.

Foundries

Ji Yinhuai 姬荫槐. 1994. ‘Huxian Zhaoluncun Han Mang zhuqian yizhi diaocha’ 户县兆伦村汉莽铸钱遗址调查. Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1994.2: 49–54 + pl. 2. Investigation of a coin foundry of the Han and Wang Mang periods at Zhaoluncun in Huxian County, Shaanxi

Kaogu. 1963. ‘Xi’an Sanqiaozhen Gaoyaocun chutu de Xi Han tongqi qun’ 西安三桥镇高窑村出土的西汉铜器群. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1963.2: 62–70 + pls 3–4. A hoard of Western Han bronze artefacts unearthed at Gaoyaocun in Sanqiaozhen, Xi’an Many of the artefacts have inscriptions which indicate that they were cast at official foundries.

Kaogu. 1995. ‘1992 nian Han Chang’an cheng yezhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 1992年汉长安城冶铸遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1995.9: 792–798, 807 + pls 6–8. Excavation in 1992 of a foundry site at Han Chang’an Features include several mould-kilns, the base of one cupola furnace, and waste-pits containing slag and fragments of moulds and tuyères. Note corrections by Li Jinghua (1997).

Zhao Xiaoming 赵晓明. 2005. ‘Xi Han Xuan-di Benshi wu nian qianfan de faxian ji qi renshi’ 西汉宣帝本始五年钱范的发现及其认识. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.6: 48–52. The discovery and recognition of coin-moulds dated to the 5th year of Emperor Xuan-di’s Benshi reign period [69 BCE?] Article is primarily concerned with the fact that most sources indicate that the last year of Benshi was the 4th.

Granaries

Jingshi cang. 1990. Xi Han jingshi cang 西汉京师仓. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 82 pp. + 48 pls. English abstract, pp. 80–82. The capital granary of Western Han Detailed excavation report. The site is 130 km east of Xi’an, in Huayin County 华阴县, Shaanxi. It is a walled area, 1120 × 700 m, within which numerous buildings were found, including living quarters, a guard station, and 6 granaries. Artefacts found include building materials and arrowheads.

Kilns

Chen Anli 陈安利, and Ma Yongzhong 马咏钟. 1989. ‘Han’an cheng yizhi chutu daxing tao yong’ 汉长安城遗址出土大型陶俑. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1989.1: 33–36. Large ceramic figures unearthed at the site of Han Chang”an The figures are generally 75–85 cm tall. They were found about 2 km outside the Han city wall. The place is believed to have been a Han ceramic workshop.

Kaogu xuebao. 1994. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yao zhi fajue baogao’ 汉长安城窑址发掘报告. Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 1994.1: 99–129 + pl. 9–16. English abstract, p. 129. Excavations of kiln sites at the Han Chang’an city-site Excavation report on 21 kilns at the northwest corner of the city-site. These seem all to have been engaged in producing terracotta funeral figures of human beings, height 50–60 cm, formed in moulds.

Kaogu. 1996. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Beigong de kantan ji qi nanmian zhuanwa yao de fajue’ 汉长安城北宫的勘探及其南面砖瓦窑的发掘. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 887–896 + pls 1–3. Survey of the site of the Northern Palace of Han Chang’an and excavation of brick kilns on its south side

Kaogu. 2002. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xin faxian liu zuo yaozhi’ 汉长安城新发现六座窑址. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.11: 1052–1054. Six kilns recently discovered in Han Chang’an

Toilets

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2007. ‘Xi’an nanjiao Miaojiazhai Han dai cesuo yizhi fajue jianbao’ 西安南郊缪家寨汉代厕所遗址发掘简报. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.2: 15–20. Excavation ofa Han-period toilet at Miaojiazhai in the southern suburbs of Xi’an The toilet is believed to be associated with the Duling 杜陵 Imperial tomb.

Ritual sites

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1960. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu de weizhi ji qi youguan wenti’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑的位置及其有关问题. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1960.9: 53–58. The placement of the ritual buildings in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an and related questions

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1989. ‘Guanyu Wang Mang jiu miao de wenti’ 关于王莽九庙的问题　–　汉长安城南郊一组建筑遗址的定名. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.3: 261–268. The Nine Temples of Wang Mang: Identification of a set of features in the southern suburbs of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 1960. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu yizhi qun fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑遗址群发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1960.7: 36–39 + pl. 4. Excavation of a group of ritual building sites in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an

Liu Rui 刘瑞. 2007. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao Xi Han sheji jianzhu chutan’ 汉长安城南郊西汉社稷建筑初探. Xianyang Shifan Xueyuan xuebao 咸阳师范学院学报 (‘Journal of Xianyang Normal University’) 22.1: 1–8. Brief English abstract, p. 8. The temple buildings for the gods of the soil and grain in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an Correction to the identification of feature F13.

Lizhi jianzhu. 2003. Xi Han lizhi jianzhu yizhi 西汉礼制建筑遗址. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 24 + 246 pp. + numerous pls. English summary, pp. 243–246. Ritual building site of the Western Han period Fourteen building sites excavated in the western suburb of Han Chang’an. Detailed excavation report with some discussion of classical written sources on the same buildings.

Wang Shiren 王世仁. 1963. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu (Datumencun yizhi) yuanzhuang de tuice’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑(大土门村遣址)原状的推刚. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1963.9: 501–515 + fold-outs. Reconstruction of a ritual structure in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an [the Datumencun site]

Conservation

Chen Wenliang 陈稳亮, Wu Xiangshan 吴向山, Luo Wei 骆威, Yang Xinjun 杨新军, and Zhao Rong 赵荣. 2007. ‘Chengjiao daxing lishi yizhi tudi liyong fengxiang fenxi – yi Han Chang’an cheng wei li’ 城郊大型历史遗址区土地利用风险分析—以汉长安城为例. Ziliao kexue 资源科学 (‘Resources science’) 29.3: 198–205. English abstract, p. 205. ‘Risk Analysis of Land Use in Large Scale Historic Relic Sites in the Suburb: A Case Study in Chang’an City of Han Dynasty’

Chen Wenliang 陈稳亮, Yang Xinjun 杨新军, and Zhao Rong 赵荣. 2007. ‘Yizhi jumin shenghuo zhiliang yu baohu taidu yanjiu: Yi Han Chang’an yizhi baohuqu wei li’ 遗址区居民生活质量与保护态度研究—以汉长安城遗址保护区为例. Xiandai chengshi yanjiu 现代城市研究 (Modern city-planning research) 2007.1: 18–24. ‘A Study of Residents’ Living Quality and Protective Attitudes on the Large Sites: A Case Study of Chang’an City of Han Dynasty’

Wenbo. 2005. ‘Han Changlegong si-hao gongdian yizhi baohu gongcheng’ 汉长乐宫4号宫殿遗址保护工程. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.4: 44–45. Project for the preservation of the site of Building no. 4 of the Han Changle Palace Includes some information and colour photographs on the site and its excavation.

Possibly useful

Berger, Patricia, and Jennifer Randolph Casler. 1994. Tomb treasures from China: The buried art of ancient Xi’an. Fort Worth, Texas: Kimbel Art Museum. Exhibition catalogue with excellent colour photographs.

Complete alphabetical listing

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 1933. Chōan shiseki no kenkyū 長安史蹟の研究 (Remains of Chang’an). 2 vols. (Tōyō Bunko ronsō 東洋文庫論叢, 020 Tōkyō: Tōyō Bunko 東洋文庫. 292 pp.

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 2003. Chang’an shiji yanjiu 长安史迹研究 (Remains of Chang’an). Translated by Wang Shuanghuai 王双怀 and Tan Yicheng 谈懿诚. San Qin Chubanshe 三秦出版社. ••• pp. Original 1933.

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 2006. Zhongguo zaoqi kaogu diaocha baogao [yi], Chang'an shi ji kao 中国早期考古调査报告. [一], 长安史迹考 (Report on early Chinese archaeological investigations. 1: Remains of Chang’an). Translated by Yang Lian 杨鍊. Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju 线装书局. Orig. 1933.

Alexeieff, V. 1909. ‘Archaeological survey of the environs of China’s ancient capitals’. Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 40: 1–9. http://www.scribd.com/full/45423616?access_key=key-2jnkqd4jd200nbevxj6j

Berger, Patricia, and Jennifer Randolph Casler. 1994. Tomb treasures from China: The buried art of ancient Xi’an. Fort Worth, Texas: Kimbel Art Museum.

Bianjiang kaogu. 1994. Han Tang yu bianjiang kaogu yanjiu 汉唐与边疆考古研究 (‘Archaeological researches on the Han–Tang period and border areas of ancient China’). Vol. 1. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社.

Bishop, Carl Whiting. 1938. ‘An Ancient Chinese Capital: Earthworks at Old Ch‘ang-an’. Antiquity 12: 68–78 + pls 1–4. http://antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/012/0068/Ant0120068.pdf

Brennan, T. Corey, and Hsing I-tien [Xing Yitian] 邢義田. 2010. ‘The Eternal City and the City of Eternal Peace’. In China’s early empires: A re-appraisal, edited by Michael Nylan and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–212.

Cai Yonghua 蔡永华. 1978. ‘Jiefang hou Xi’an fujin faxian de Xi Han, Xin-Mang qian fan’ 解放后西安附近发现的西汉、新 莽钱范 (Coin moulds of the Western Han and Xin periods found in the vicinity of Xi’an since Liberation). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1978.2: 122–127.

Cai Yonghua 蔡永华. 1988. ‘Shǎnxi liang Han kaogu jicui’ 陕西两汉考古集萃 (Important achievements of Han archaeology in Shaanxi). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1988.5/6: 90–98.

Chang’an cheng. 2006. Han Chang’an cheng yizhi yanjiu 汉长安城遗址研究 (Studies of the site of Han Chang’an). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 670.

Chen Anli 陈安利, and Ma Yongzhong 马咏钟. 1989. ‘Han’an cheng yizhi chutu daxing tao yong’ 汉长安城遗址出土大型陶俑 (Large ceramic figures unearthed at the site of Han Chang”an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1989.1: 33–36.

Chen Bo 陈博, and Sun Lu 孙璐. 2009. ‘“Sanfu” diqu Han-dai chengzhi yi “Huanzhuang zhengqu” guannian’ “三辅”地区汉代城址与“环状政区”观念 (Han city-sites in the capital [Three Adjuncts] region and the concept of ‘rings of the goverrnmental region’). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2009.2: 30–33.

Chen Wenliang 陈稳亮, Wu Xiangshan 吴向山, Luo Wei 骆威, Yang Xinjun 杨新军, and Zhao Rong 赵荣. 2007. ‘Chengjiao daxing lishi yizhi tudi liyong fengxiang fenxi – yi Han Chang’an cheng wei li’ 城郊大型历史遗址区土地利用风 险分析—以汉长安城为例 (‘Risk Analysis of Land Use in Large Scale Historic Relic Sites in the Suburb: A Case Study in Chang’an City of Han Dynasty’). Ziliao kexue 资源科学 (‘Resources science’) 29.3: 198–205. English abstract, p. 205.

Chen Wenliang 陈稳亮, Yang Xinjun 杨新军, and Zhao Rong 赵荣. 2007. ‘Yizhi jumin shenghuo zhiliang yu baohu taidu yanjiu: Yi Han Chang’an yizhi baohuqu wei li’ 遗址区居民生活质量与保护态度 研究—以汉长安城遗址保护区为例 (‘A Study of Residents’ Living Quality and Protective Attitudes on the Large Sites: A Case Study of Chang’an City of Han Dynasty’). Xiandai chengshi yanjiu 现代城市研究 (Modern city-planning research) 2007.1: 18–24.

Chen Xibo 陈喜波, and Han Guanghui 韩光辉. 2007. ‘Han Chang’an “dou cheng” guihua tanxi’ 汉长安“斗城”规划探析 (The “dipper-shaped wall” of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.1: 69–72.

Chen Zhi 陈直. 1955. ‘Shiquge Wang Mang qian de beimian fan’ 石渠阁王莽钱的背面范 (A coin mould of Wang Mang from Shiquge). Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1955.2: 46–49.

Cheng Te-k’un [Zheng Dekun 鄭德坤]. 1978. ‘Ch’in-Han architectural remains’ 秦漢建築遺存. Journal of the Institute of Chinese studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong / Xianggang Zhongwen Daxue Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiusuo xuebao 香港中文大學中國文化研究所學 報 9.2: 503–583. 中文摘要, p. 584.

Cheng Xuehua 程学华. 1959. ‘Xi’an beijiao Xin Mang qian fan yaozhi qingli jianbao’ 西安北郊新莽钱范窑址清理简报 (A kiln for coin-moulds of the Wang Mang period in the northern suburb of Xi’an). Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1959.11.

Chengshi guihua tongxun. 2010. ‘Xi’an guihua baohu Han Chang’an yizhi 75 pingfan gongli nei yankong jianzhu’ 西安规划保护汉长安遗址75 平方公里内严控建筑 (Xi’an plans to preserve the Han Chang’an city site by strictly controlling construction in an area of 75 sq. km). Chengshi guihua tongxun 城市规划通讯 (City planning news) 2010.15: 6–7.

Chōan to Rakuyō. 1951. Chōan to Rakuyō 長安と洛陽 (Chang’an and Luoyang). Kyōto: Kyōto Daigaku Jinbun Kagaku Kenkyūjo Koten no Kō Chū to Sakuin Hensan Han 京都大学人文科学研究所古典の校注と索引編纂班. 208 + 19 pp.

Dang Shunmin 党顺民, and Wu Zhenfeng 吴镇烽. 1997. ‘Shanglin Sanguan zhuqian guanshu xinjie’ 上林三官铸钱官署新解 (New explanation of the offices responsible for the casting of Shanglin Sanguan coins). Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1997.4: 41–42, 32. Correction of typographical error, Wu Zhenfeng 1999: 15, fn. 1.

Dituji. 1998. Zhongguo wenwu dituji: Shǎnxi fence 中国文物地图集陕西分册 (Atlas of Chinese cultural relics: Shaanxi). 2 vols. Xi’an: Xi’an Ditu Chubanshe 西安地图出版社.

Dong Hongwen 董鸿闻, Liu Qihe 刘起鹤, Zhou Jianxun 周建勋, Zhang Yinghu 张应虎, and Mei Xingquan 梅兴铨. 2000. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi cehui yanjiu huode de xin xinxi’ 汉长安城遗址测绘研究获得的新 信息 (New results from a topographical survey of the site of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2000.5: 39–49.

Gao Jing 高静. 2007. ‘Cong «Xi jing fu» kan Xi Han Chang’an cheng de kongjian guannian’ 从《西京赋》看西汉长安城的空 间观念 (The concept of space in Han Chang’an in the light of Zhang Heng’s 张衡 ‘Rhapsody on the Western Capital’). Xiaofei daokan 消费导刊 (‘Consume guide’) 2007.12: 225.

Gongzuo. 1979. Wenwu kaogu gongzuo sanshi nian 1949–1979 文物考古工作三十年1949–1979 (Thirty years of Chinese archaeology, 1949–1979). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 413 pp. + 32 pls.

Gongzuo. 1991. Wenwu kaogu gongzuo shi nian 1979–1989 文物考古工作十年1979–1989 (Ten years of Chinese archaeology, 1979–1989). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 388 pp. + 32 pls.

Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. 1931. ‘Wu De zhongshi shuo xia de zhengzhi lishi’ 五德終始說下的政治歷史 (Political history considering the theory of the Five Virtues ). In Gu shi bian 古史辨 (Debates on ancient history), edited by Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. vol. 5, pp. 404–617.

Guigong. 2007. Han Chang’an cheng Guigong: 1996–2001 nian kaogu fajue baogao 汉长安城桂宫 (‘The Guigong Palace in the Han capital city Chang’an’). (Zhongguo tianye kaogu baogaoji: Kaoguxue zhuankan D.74 中国田野考古报告集　考古学专刊丁种第七四号 Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 289 pp. + 155 pls + 48 colour pls. English abstract, pp. 4–10.

Han Chang’an cheng. 2008. Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – Jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui lunwenji 汉长安城与汉文化--纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国际 学术研讨会论文集 (Han Chang’an and Han culture: Papers from the International Conference celebrating 50 years of archaeology at Han Chang’an). Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 598.

Han Guohe 韩国河. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng guihua sixiang bianxi’ 汉长安城规划思想辨析 (Analysis of the ideas behind the city plan of Han Chang’an). Zhengzhou Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) 郑州大学学报( 哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Zhengzhou University [Philosophy and social sciences edition]) 34.5: 61–65.

Han Jianwu 韩建武, Zhang Peixin 张沛心, Tan Qianxue 谭前学, and Dong Li 董理. 2005. ‘Yongheng de Luoma, buxiu de Chang’an – Gu Luoma wenming zhan, Han Chang’an wenwu zhanlan xunli’ 永恒的罗马 不朽的长安　古罗马文明展、汉 长安文物展巡礼 (Eternal Rome, undying Chang’an: a visit to ‘Ancient Roman civilization’ and ‘Relics from Han Chang’an’). Shoucang jia 收藏家 (Collector) 2005.5: 3–10.

Han Jinfang 韩晋芳, and Luo Jianjin 罗见今. 2003. ‘«Xi jing zaji» zhong de Han-dai keji shiliao’ «西京杂记»中的科技史料 (Historical material on Han-period science and technology in Xi jing zaji). Gugong Bowuyuan yuankan 故宫博物院院刊 (‘Palace Museum journal’) 2003.3: 86–91.

He Hannan 何汉南. 1989. ‘Han Chang’an chengmen kao’ 汉长安城门考 (The city gates of Han Chang’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1989.2: 39–46.

He Qinggu 何清谷. 1990. ‘“Sanfu huangtu” de chengshu ji qi banben’ «三辅黄图»的成书及其版本 (The origin of the Sanfu huangtu and its editions). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1990.2: 28–32.

Hotaling, Stephen James. 1978. ‘The City Walls of Han Ch’ang-an’. T’oung Pao 64.1/3: 1–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4528127

Hu Pingsheng 胡平生. 2005. ‘Weiyang gong qiandian yizhi chutu Wang Mang jiandu jiaoshi’ 未央宫前殿遗址出土王莽简牍校 释. Chutu wenxian yanjiu 出土文献研究 (Studies of excavated texts) 6: 217–228.

Hu Songmei 胡松梅, Liu Zhendong 刘振东, and Zhang Jianfeng 张建锋. 2006. ‘Xi’an Han Chang’an cheng chengqiang xi’nan jiao yizhi chutu dongwu guge yanjiu baogao’ 西安汉长安城城墙西南角遗址出土动物骨骼研究报告 (Studies of animal bones excavated at the southwest corner of the wall of the Han city of Chang’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2006.5: 58–60.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1960. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu de weizhi ji qi youguan wenti’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑的位置及其有关问题 (The placement of the ritual buildings in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an and related questions). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1960.9: 53–58.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1989. ‘Guanyu Wang Mang jiu miao de wenti’ 关于王莽九庙的问题　–　汉长安城南郊一组建筑遗址的 定名 (The Nine Temples of Wang Mang: Identification of a set of features in the southern suburbs of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.3: 261–268.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1997. ‘Du “Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong”’ 读«汉长安城未央宫» (On reading The Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1997.8: 766–768.

Huang Xiaoying 黄小荥. 2000. ‘Gudai Xi’an jiandu yinyou kao’ 古代西安建都因由考 (The reason why so many ancient capitals were at Xi’an, Shaanxi). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2000.5: 32–33, 70.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1984. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de fajue’ 汉长安城的发掘 (Excavation of the Han city Chang’an). In Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he yanjiu 新中国的考古和研究. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 393–397, 495 + pls. 114–116.

Ji Yinhuai 姬荫槐. 1994. ‘Huxian Zhaoluncun Han Mang zhuqian yizhi diaocha’ 户县兆伦村汉莽铸钱遗址调查 (Investigation of a coin foundry of the Han and Wang Mang periods at Zhaoluncun in Huxian County, Shaanxi). Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1994.2: 49–54 + pl. 2.

Jiang Baolian 姜宝莲, and Qin Jianming 秦建明. 2004. Han Zhongguan zhuqian yizhi 汉锺官铸钱遗址 (A coin foundry site of the Han mint). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 320 pp. English abstract.

Jiang Baolian 姜宝莲. 1997. ‘Shǎnxi Huxian faxian daxing Xi Han zhuqian yizhi’ 陕西户县发现大型西汉铸钱遗址 (A large-scale coin foundry site discovered in Huxian County, Shaanxi). Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1997.4: 77. Reproduced from Zhongguo wenwu bao 中国文物报, 1997.6.1.

Jiang Bo 姜波. 2002. ‘“Gudai ducheng yu diling kaoguxue yanjiu” du hou’ «古代都城与帝陵考古学研究»读后 (Thoughts on reading Archaeological studies of capitals and Imperial mausolea, by Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱.). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.4: 377–383. Brief English abstract, p. 377 – see image.

Jiao Nanfeng 焦h南峰, and Ma Yongying 马永赢. 1999. ‘Xi Han zongmiao chuyi’ 西汉宗庙刍议 (Ancestral temples of the Western Han). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1999.6: 50–57.

Jiao Nanfeng 焦h南峰, and Ma Yongying 马永赢. 2000. ‘Xi Han zongmiao zaiyi’ 西汉宗庙再议 (Further thoughts on the ancestral temples of Western Han). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2000.5: 50–55.

Jingshi cang. 1990. Xi Han jingshi cang 西汉京师仓 (The capital granary of Western Han). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 82 pp. + 48 pls. English abstract, pp. 80–82.

Kaogu xuebao. 1994. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yao zhi fajue baogao’ 汉长安城窑址发掘报告 (Excavations of kiln sites at the Han Chang’an city-site). Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 1994.1: 99–129 + pl. 9–16. English abstract, p. 129.

Kaogu xuebao. 2004. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong er-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue baogao’ 汉长安城长乐宫二号建筑遗址发 掘报告 (Excavation of Building site no. 2 of the Changle Palace at Han Chang’an). Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 2004.1: 55–86 + pls 1–16. English abstract, p. 86.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2007. ‘“Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui“ zai Xi’an zhaokai’ 汉长安城与汉文化　–　纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国 际学术研讨会 (Han Chang’an and Han culture – International conference celebrating fifty years of excavations of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.1: 94.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2007. ‘Xi’an nanjiao Miaojiazhai Han dai cesuo yizhi fajue jianbao’ 西安南郊缪家寨汉代厕所遗址发 掘简报 (Excavation ofa Han-period toilet at Miaojiazhai in the southern suburbs of Xi’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.2: 15–20.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2008. ‘Shǎnxi Qin Han kaogu wushi nian zongshu’ 陕西秦汉考古五十年综述 (Fifty years of Qin–Han archaeology in Shaanxi). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2008.6: 96–160. Brief English abstract, p. 160.

Kaogu. 1960. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu yizhi qun fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑遗址群发 掘简报 (Excavation of a group of ritual building sites in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1960.7: 36–39 + pl. 4.

Kaogu. 1963. ‘Xi’an Sanqiaozhen Gaoyaocun chutu de Xi Han tongqi qun’ 西安三桥镇高窑村出土的西汉铜 器群 (A hoard of Western Han bronze artefacts unearthed at Gaoyaocun in Sanqiaozhen, Xi’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1963.2: 62–70 + pls 3–4.

Kaogu. 1978. ‘Han Chang’an cheng wuku yizhi fajue de chubu shouhuo’ 汉长安城武库遗址发掘的初步收 获 (Preliminary results of excavations at the armoury site of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1978.4: 261–269 + pls 9–11.

Kaogu. 1989. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di san hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城未央宫第三号建筑遗址发掘简报 (Excavation of building site no. 3 of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.1: 33–43, 19 + pls 4–7.

Kaogu. 1992. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di-er-hao yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城未央宫第二号遗址发掘 简报 (Excavation of site no. 2 of the Weiyag Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1992.8: 724–732 + pls 6–7.

Kaogu. 1993. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di-si-hao jianzhu yizhi’ 汉长安城未央宫第四号建筑遗址 (Excavation of building site no. 4 of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1993.11: 1002–1011 + pls 1–3.

Kaogu. 1995. ‘1992 nian Han Chang’an cheng yezhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 1992年汉长安城冶铸遗址发掘简报 (Excavation in 1992 of a foundry site at Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1995.9: 792–798, 807 + pls 6–8.

Kaogu. 1996. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Beigong de kantan ji qi nanmian zhuanwa yao de fajue’ 汉长安城北宫的勘探及其南面砖 瓦窑的发掘 (Survey of the site of the Northern Palace of Han Chang’an and excavation of brick kilns on its south side). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 887–896 + pls 1–3.

Kaogu. 1996. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Beigong de kantan ji qi nanmian zhuanwa yao de fajue’ 汉长安城北宫的勘探及其南面砖 瓦窑的发掘 (Survey of the site of the Northern Palace of Han Chang’an and excavation of brick kilns on its south side). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 887–896 + pls 1–3.

Kaogu. 1999. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong er-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫二号建筑遗址发掘 简报 (Excavation of building site no. 2 of the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1999.1: 1–10 + pls 1–6. Brief English abstract, p. 1.

Kaogu. 2000. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong er-hao jianzhu yizhi B qu fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫二号建筑遗址B区发掘简报 (Excavation of area B at the site of building no. 2 at the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2000.1: 1–11 + pls 1–5. Brief English abstract, p. 1.

Kaogu. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong san-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫三号建筑遗址发掘 简报 (Excavation of building site no. 3 of the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2001.1: 74–83 + pls 9–12. Brief English abstract, p. 74.

Kaogu. 2001. ‘Xin shiji yishi Kaogu Yanjiusuo zhuanjia jiangzuo jiyao’ 新世纪伊始考古研究所专家讲座 纪要 (Lectures by specialists of the Institute of Archaeology at the start of a new century). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2001.3: 277–284.

Kaogu. 2002. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong si-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫四号建筑遗址发掘 简报 (Excavation of building site no. 4 in the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.1: 3–15 + pls 1–5. Brief English abstract, p. 3.

Kaogu. 2002. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xin faxian liu zuo yaozhi’ 汉长安城新发现六座窑址 (Six kilns recently discovered in Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.11: 1052–1054.

Kaogu. 2003. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong paishui guandao yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城长乐宫排水管道遗址发掘简报 (Excavation of the drainage pipes of the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2003.9: 801–806 + pl. 5. Brief English abstract, p. 801.

Kaogu. 2005. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong faxian lingshi yizhi’ 汉长安城长乐宫发现凌室遗址 (The site of an ice-house at the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2005.9: 771–774. Brief English abstract, p. 771.

Kaogu. 2006. ‘Xi’an shi Han Chang’an cheng Changle Gong si-hao jianzhu yizhi’ 西安市汉长安城长乐宫四号建筑 遗址 (Building site no. 4 of the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an in Xi’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 894–903 + pls 1–2, 4–5, 8. Brief English abstract, p. 894.

Kaogu. 2006. ‘Xi’an shi Han Chang’an cheng chengqiang xi’nan jiao yizhi de zuantan yu shijue’ 西安市汉长安城城墙西南角遗址 的钻探与式掘 (Drill survey and test excavations of the site of the southwest corner of the city wall of Han Chang’an in Xi’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 904–916 + pls 3, 6. Brief English abstract, p. 904.

Kaogu. 2007. ‘“Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui“ jiyao’ "汉长安城与汉文化　–　纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国 际学术研讨会"纪要 (Report on “Han Chang’an and Han culture – International conference celebrating fifty years of excavations of Han Chang’an”). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2007.6: 570–576. Brief English abstract, p. 570.

Kaogu. 2007. ‘Xi’an shi Shanglinyuan yizhi liu-hao jianzhu de kantan he shijue’ 西安市上林苑遗址六号建筑的勘 探和试掘 (Survey and test excavation of building no. 6 at the site of the Park of the Supreme Forest). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2007.11: 1054–1056.

Kaogu. 2009. ‘Xi’an Han Chang’an cheng Zhicheng Men yizhi 2008 nian fajue jianbao’ 西安汉长安城直城门遗址2008年发掘简报 (Excavation in 2008 of the Zhicheng Gate site of Western Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2009.5: 433–444 + pls 11–15. Brief English abstract, p. 433.

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